First-generation antipsychotics, or typical antipsychotics, are a family of drugs that are mostly prescribed to treat psychotic illnesses like schizophrenia. When they were first created in the middle of the 20th century, they completely changed the way serious mental diseases were treated by reducing symptoms including delusions, hallucinations, and disturbed thinking. However, because of serious adverse effects and the development of newer drugs, their use has changed and gotten more sophisticated throughout time.Typical antipsychotics work by preventing dopamine receptors in the brain from functioning, specifically the D2 receptors. In doing so, these drugs lessen the function of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that controls perception, behavior, and mood. The hyperactivity of dopaminergic circuits thought to be a contributing factor to psychotic symptoms is lessened by this dopamine blocking.Drugs like fluphenazine, haloperidol, and chlorpromazine are frequently administered FGAs. Although they are usually taken orally, injections can be used in emergency situations if quick symptom control is required. Individual differences exist in the efficacy of family group therapies (FGAs) in treating psychotic symptoms; some people show notable improvement while others may not benefit as much.Even though they are effective, standard antipsychotics have a number of side effects, most prominently extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) like dystonia, akathisia, and parkinsonism. Patients may experience distress due to these movement abnormalities, which are caused by the blockage of dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia. Tardive dyskinesia, a possibly irreversible disorder marked by uncontrollable movements of the face and limbs, is another concern associated with long-term FGA usage.Sedation, weight gain, impotence, and anticholinergic side effects include dry mouth, blurred vision, and constipation are among the other negative effects. These elements highlight the necessity for close observation and management during treatment and add to the significant burden that patients bear.The development of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) in recent decades has provided a novel treatment option with fewer possible extrapyramidal and metabolic adverse effects. SGAs act on both dopamine and serotonin receptors. Due to their better tolerability profile, SGAs are now frequently chosen in many clinical situations, although they are not without their own set of difficulties.All things considered, even if conventional antipsychotics helped to establish psychiatric treatment, their usage now is typically limited to situations in which SGAs are not working or when financial constraints require them. Methods to best balance side effects and effectiveness in treating schizophrenia and other psychotic diseases are still being investigated.
