Among the many industrial uses of organotin compounds are tribyltin (TBT) compounds, which are mainly employed as biocides in antifouling coatings for ships and other maritime constructions. These substances attracted a lot of interest because of how well they prevented marine life—including mollusks, barnacles, and algae—from adhering to underwater surfaces. However, there are serious health and environmental issues that have also been brought up by their extensive use.The enduring nature of TBT compounds in the environment is among their most concerning features. These substances have a tendency to build up in sediments and biota after being introduced into aquatic environments, endangering marine life over time. TBT chemicals have the ability to harm a variety of creatures, including as fish, invertebrates, and algae, even at low quantities. They impede the endocrine system of marine species, causing disturbances in behaviors, development, and reproduction. As a result, certain species' populations have decreased, and marine ecosystems have been disrupted.Moreover, TBT compounds have the ability to bioaccumulate in the food chain and reach concentrations that pose a threat to humans and other predators at higher trophic levels. Restrictions on the use of TBT-containing items have resulted from regulatory actions in several countries, which were spurred by concerns about the possible health effects of TBT exposure. In 2008, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) passed the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-Fouling Systems on Ships (AFS Convention), which outlawed the use of TBT-based antifouling coatings on ships worldwide.TBT contamination is still an issue in many marine habitats despite these regulatory efforts, especially in places with high maritime traffic or industrial activity. In addition to monitoring programs to evaluate the efficacy of regulatory actions, remedial techniques including dredging polluted sediments are frequently used in attempts to decrease TBT contamination . To sum up, tributyltin compounds are a prime illustration of the unexpected effects that human activity has on the environment. Despite being initially praised for their ability to stop biofouling, these substances have turned out to be enduring pollutants with significant negative effects on the environment and human health. In order to safeguard human health and marine ecosystems, addressing the legacy of TBT contamination calls for ongoing oversight, regulatory enforcement, and international collaboration.
