Despite advances in medicine, tuberculosis (TB) infection—caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis—remains a major global health concern. It mostly affects the lungs but can spread to other organs, endangering people all around the world, especially in developing nations with inadequate access to healthcare.When an infected person coughs, sneezes, or simply talks, the bacterium is released into the air and spreads throughout the air. Despite being highly contagious, not every TB infection results in active TB disease; instead, latent TB infection (LTBI) is frequently caused by the bacteria being present in the immune system. When someone has latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), they do not feel ill and are unable to transmit the illness. However, if their immune system is weakened, they may become infected with active TB.Symptoms of active tuberculosis (TB) include fever, chills, weakness, chronic coughing, and chest pain and weakness. A combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging (such as chest X-rays), and microbiological testing to identify the bacterium in sputum or other body fluids are often used in the diagnosis process.A course of antibiotics taken for at least six months is often required for treatment of tuberculosis in order to entirely remove the bacterium. This regimen is essential for preventing the emergence of drug-resistant strains, which present more difficulties because there are fewer treatment alternatives and higher healthcare expenses associated with them.Though its effectiveness varies, vaccination with the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is one of several treatments used to prevent tuberculosis infection. Public health initiatives place a strong emphasis on early detection through screening programs, particularly for high-risk groups including inmates, healthcare workers, and residents of densely populated areas.Although there has been success in the fight against tuberculosis (TB), obstacles still exist. These include poverty, HIV/AIDS, which compromises immune system function, and a lack of proper healthcare infrastructure. In order to effectively control tuberculosis (TB), the World Health Organization (WHO) advises for a comprehensive approach that incorporates medical treatment, public health measures, and socio-economic support.In summary, tuberculosis infection continues to be a serious worldwide health concern with important social, economic, and medical ramifications. It is imperative that more research be done on improved diagnostic instruments, more potent vaccines, and more manageable, shorter treatment plans. In order to achieve worldwide TB control and eventually eradicate this age-old illness, it is imperative that the socioeconomic factors of TB transmission be addressed and healthcare access be ensured.
