A diverse collection of malignant tumors that originate from soft tissues—that is, not from bone, cartilage, or viscera—is referred to as soft tissue sarcoma (STS). Mesenchymal cells, which can develop into numerous types of connective tissues like fat, muscle, nerves, and blood vessels, are the source of these tumors. While soft tissue sarcomas can strike anyone at any age, adults are diagnosed with them more frequently; the median age at diagnosis is approximately 60 years old.Although the exact cause of soft tissue sarcomas is unknown, risk factors include exposure to ionizing radiation, certain chemicals, and hereditary abnormalities such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome and neurofibromatosis type 1. Nevertheless, the cause is frequently still unknown.The size and location of the tumor affect the clinical presentation, which varies greatly. One of the symptoms could be a painless swelling or lump that develops quickly or stays dormant for a long time. Imaging tests like MRIs and CT scans are frequently used in the diagnosis process. A biopsy is then performed to confirm the tumor's histological type and grade.Soft tissue sarcomas include approximately 50 histological subtypes, each with unique biological characteristics and clinical manifestations. Liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma are examples of common subtypes. Numerous variables, such as the tumor's size, location, histological subtype, and general health of the patient, affect treatment options. Surgical resection remains the mainstay of treatment, often supplemented with radiation therapy to reduce local recurrence rates. Chemotherapy should only be used in cases with metastatic illness or specific high-risk subtypes.The prognosis of soft tissue sarcoma differs greatly depending on the subtype and stage. The prognosis is usually better for tiny, low-grade tumors that can be completely removed surgically. However, because there is a chance of microscopic residual disease, recurrence rates might be substantial even in situations of limited disease.Promising developments in targeted therapy and molecular diagnostics could lead to better results for patients with soft tissue sarcomas. The goal of research is to pinpoint the precise genetic abnormalities and molecular pathways that fuel tumor growth in order to develop more individualized treatment plans in the road.To sum up, mesenchymal tissues give rise to a variety of uncommon cancers, including soft tissue sarcomas. A multidisciplinary approach is necessary for diagnosis and treatment, and it may involve surgery, radiation therapy, and possibly chemotherapy. Research on these difficult cancers is still ongoing with the goal of improving treatment approaches, diagnosing methods, and patient outcomes.
