The illness known as pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries. It can have a serious negative influence on someone's quality of life and cause a number of difficulties. Based on its fundamental etiology, PH can be divided into five types, each of which requires a unique treatment plan.Group 1 PH, also referred to as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), is characterized by anomalies in the lungs' tiny arteries. Genetics, specific drugs, or underlying illnesses like connective tissue diseases can all contribute to this. Breathlessness, exhaustion, chest pain, and fainting episodes are possible symptoms. The goals of PAH treatment options are to lessen disease progression and improve symptoms. Prescriptions for drugs such as phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, endothelin receptor antagonists, and prostacyclins are frequent. Group 2 PH is a consequence of valvular or left-sided heart disease, which includes heart failure. Under these circumstances, PH results from elevated left ventricular pressure that is reflected back into the pulmonary circulation. The main goal of treatment is to control the underlying cardiac disease in order to lower pulmonary pressures and relieve symptoms. Group 3 PH is linked to hypoxia or lung conditions such interstitial lung disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Persistent hypoxia causes the pulmonary artery walls to change and the pulmonary blood vessels to constrict, which results in PH. In order to increase oxygenation and lower pulmonary pressures, management techniques for Group 3 PH include treating the underlying lung illness and administering additional oxygen therapy. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), a disorder characterized by blood clots blocking the pulmonary arteries, is the cause of Group 4 PH. Individuals who have previously experienced a pulmonary embolism are more susceptible to CTEPH. Anticoagulant medication to stop new clot formation and surgical procedures such balloon pulmonary angioplasty or pulmonary thromboendarterectomy to remove or lessen pulmonary artery blockage are two possible treatment options for CTEPH.Other illnesses not included in the other categories, such as blood disorders, metabolic abnormalities, or chronic kidney disease, are included in group 5 PH. Managing related problems and treating the underlying cause are key components of treatment for Group 5 PH. In order to improve outcomes for those with PH, early identification and effective management are essential because untreated PH can result in right heart failure and eventually death. Thus, improving patient outcomes and quality of life requires prompt symptom detection and proper therapy commencement.
